enron scandal conclusion

6 References 11 512). Introduction Initial reading is to get a rough idea of what information is provided for the analyses. The company also restated earnings going back to 1997. Between mid-2000 and the company’s bankruptcy announcement, Enron’s stock declined from a high of $90.75 to a low of below $1. The Enron Scandal became known to the public in 2001 October. Now getting to the reason as to why such a big company which was working in so many verticals collapsed: Blockbuster was the former juggernaut video rental chain. Arthur Andersen came under intense scrutiny and eventually lost a majority of its clients. Destructive measures: During 2001, Enron shares fell from US$85 to US$0.30. It was one of the innovative and also one of the seven largest coronary in the United States in asses. Kenneth Lay was the founder of the company, first founded in Omaha Nebraska and then it moved to Houston Texas. 4 Satyam Scandal 8 3. Enron Scandal References. Some old and popular ones are the Teapot Dome scandal of the 1920s and the defense-contractor scandals of the 1970s and 1980s. Jeffrey Skilling was able to hide the financial losses of the trading business and other operations of the company since the company used mark-to-market accounting. In addition, at least one member Of the sessions without management. From the 1980s until now, there have been a lot of accounting scandals which were widely announced on by media. Enron Scandal. Scandals are there in the history book for a long time. Korzenie Enronu sięgają roku 1932, kiedy to utworzono przedsiębiorstwo rurociągowe Northern Natural Gas Company (Houston Natural Gas). References It was considered as an agency problem. • What is “Ethics”? Many companies reeled the damage caused by Enron for many years post 2001. The instantaneous outcome of the Enron’s scandal was the pronouncement of bankruptcy of the organization and enormous losses on. The company was based in Houston, Texas. Though it is difficult to point fingers to a single person but amid what all was happening in the company which was taking it to south, Andrew Fastow, who was the chief financial officer since 1998 came up with a plan to project the company in sound financial shape despite the fact that many of its subsidiaries were losing money. Powell spent nearly a decade in the 2000s representing firms and executives involved in the Enron scandal, including the accounting firm Arthur Andersen and former Merrill Lynch executive Jim Brown. When people hear the name Enron they automatically associate their name with one of the biggest accounting and ethical scandals known to date. Why? The fact that one of the largest accounting and auditing firms at the time was an active participant in the scandal illustrated the need for additional industry oversight. The corporation also dealt with marketing of natural gas liquids as well as operating one of the leading gas transmission systems globally while also leading other development projects in industrial and emerging markets electricity supplier. This Enron case study presents our own analysis of the spectacular rise and fall of Enron. Prevention of the scandal 5. Kathy Osburn The Enron scandal was an accounting scandal of Enron Corporation, an American energy company based in Houston, Texas. Companies that have these types of derivative instruments are free to develop and use discretionary valuation models based on their methods and assumptions. Have you ever thought about why people do scandals? By Admin Articles 1 Comment. Fall 2011 University – New York Enron Scandal: Impact on Accounting. Background Enron was a company that transported natural gas through pipelines and distributing electricity to the northwest of the United States. Enron scandal. Name: Do Minh Tam The Enron scandal of 2011 revealed that the Federal government’s accounting and auditing regulations of Fortune 500 firms were lax at best. Because there are complex groups of stakeholders who might be seriously affected by the scandals. One worth mentioning recruit was Andrew Fastow, who quickly rose through the ranks to become Enron’s chief financial officer. Enron began its life in 1985 and appeared to be a rising star in the business world. It was valued at nearly $70bn. Conclusion Of Enron Scandal Current issue: Scandals in auditing Enron Scandal Introduction Accounting scandals are political or business scandals which arise with the disclosure of financial misdeeds by trusted executives of corporations or governments. HIRE verified writer $35.80 for a 2-page paper. The company was founded in 1985 and directed by Kenneth Lay, CEO of Enron. He originally received a 24-year sentence, but it was reduced by 10 years in 2013. Facebook 5; Twitter; LinkedIn; Enron Company founded in 1985, by merging gas companies. These days, not too often, these scandals are splashed as headlines across media. Enron worked extensively on trying to keep workers and outside parties’ quiet about whatever information or conclusions were found in regards to these issues. Table of Contents The Enron Scandal and Analysis- Business Law Essay Example. United States is a country where auditing and accounting principles are so strong. Introduction 2. Introduction. What happened after the Enron collapse? Most individuals that were involved in the fall of Enron have been tried and convicted for their unethical business research conduct. Around the same time, analysts started to downgrade their rating for Enron’s stock and the stock came down to 52 week low of $39.95. Enron was a company that transported natural gas through pipelines and distributing electricity to the northwest of the United States. We've all heard about the Enron scandal, but what exactly happened? The earning was further reduced when it closed its Raptor SPV so that it would not have to distribute 58 million shares of stock. The Enron Era The Enron scandal is extremely rich in lessons. Conclusions. Conclusion The Enron accounting scandal is one of the biggest problems of cheating in accounting in America. Enron Scandal as a Learning Lesson . David B. Duncan was the partner at the accounting firm who oversaw Enron’s accounts and was privy to their accounting practices. The Enron Scandal and Analysis Business Law I- LEG100 *Describe how Enron could have been structured differently to avoid such activities. This scandal was discovered in October 2001 and it eventually led to Enron Corporation bankruptcy. Mr. Kenneth Lay was the CEO and chairperson of the company, he hold a Ph.D. in Economics. By analyzing the Enron scandal there will be a greater ability to know information that will help pin point any unethical behavior that an accountants may experience, Jaclyn Givens The Enron scandal was the biggest bankruptcy in United States history which cost 4,000 employees their jobs. The final nail in the coffin was put by Dynegy, which had previously announced it would merge with Enron but backed the deal on 28 November 2001. Its shares were worth $90.75. Enron Scandal Facts for kids. He served more than five years in prison by cooperating with federal authorities. The company reported its first quarterly loss on October 16. First, let’s start out by showing exactly why accountants are very valuable in the business world. Enron was an energy company based in Huston, Texas. Enron scam was the most remarkable scandal in 20 centuries by their institutionalized, are run. Initially, fast reading without taking notes and underlines should be done. Na swoją siedzibę firma wy… Enron Corporation is one of the largest, critically about a particular dilemma and whether or not it is ethically wrong takes time and critical thinking. “Just as character matters in people, it matters in organizations,” says Justin Schultz, a corporate psychologist in Denver. Enron Scandal. 5 shares. The Enron scandal was an accounting scandal of Enron Corporation, an American energy company based in Houston, Texas.It was publicized in October 2001, and led to the bankruptcy of the company, and the de facto dissolution of Arthur Andersen, which was one of the five largest audit and accountancy partnerships in the world. If this was not all, Enron changed pension plan administrators which forbid employees from selling their shares for the next 30 days. The company helped Enron hide its actual financial performance and showcase profitability to the rest of the world. This looked fishy and caught the attention of the SEC. Below are some reasons, as per experts, for scandals : Needless to say, this is perhaps the oldest temptation that can be associated with humans. Conclusion Generator; Title Page Maker; Hire Writer. Enron Scandal 3 Pages . Post the scandal, increased oversight and regulation have been enacted to help prevent the corporate scandal of Enron’s magnitude. These days, not too often, these scandals are splashed as headlines across media. Conclusion The Fate of Enron shook the entire US economy and it’s global perception of a well monitored and ethical economy. CONCLUSION: The Enron scandal is not only a story about complex accounting but also about the people involved. From 2004 to 2011, the company paid its creditors more than $21.7 billion. Suddenly it collapsed in what now appears to be a monstrous accounting fraud. Lecture: Karen Bird The standard Enron-to-SPV transaction was performed like this: Enron transferred some of its rapidly rising stock to the SPV in exchange for note or cash. ;Independent directors must comply with an elaborate definition of members should be financially literate. Enron’s behaviour has confirmed that the treatment of off-balance-sheet dodge, American accounting standards are too lax. Enron Corporation is actually an American energy company that was based in Houston. Enron Scandal. Introduction Conclusion The Fate of Enron shook the entire US economy and it’s global perception of a well monitored and ethical economy. Enron was in freefall by the summer of 2001. 512). The Enron scandal is the biggest bankruptcy reorganization ever witnessed. Enron also canceled all medical and health insurance for the 5,000 laid-off workers. Many analysts started to question Enron’s earnings and the company’s transparency by April 2001. Accounting for Decision Making, MBA 640 The Enron Scandal, uncovered in 2001, was one of the largest accounting frauds in history. What happened after the Enron collapse? Clearly, Enron was a poor investment. The … Cryptocurrency : Is it Risky to Invest in Cryptocurrency ? This act was a major move by the authorities and its enforcement and execution is causing companies a great deal of grief; however SEC has been known to give extensions for the deadlines. Under this rule, when companies have outstanding energy-related or other derivative contracts (either liabilities or assets) on their balance sheet at the end of a particular quarter, then they must adjust them to fair market value, booking unrealized losses or gains to the income statement of the period. At that time, the Enron scandal was the greatest financial scandal in the history of the US economy. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of EssayCompany. Prevention of the scandal. ICICI Prudential Mutual Fund | Best Mutual Funds to Invest, NIRA: Instant Personal loan without CIBIL & Documents. Jeffrey Skilling was convicted of insider trading, fraud, and conspiracy. In the time period of ten years he manipulated $30 Million for his own enjoyment. Because there are complex groups of … Enron’s accounting firm Arthur Anderson LLP was a major player in the scandal. Before we go further, it is important to understand how the company managed its accountings. Arthur Andersen as auditor 4. had corrupted Enron's books and had allowed the company to be far too optimistic in it's assumptions about the future profits. The Enron scandal is that the most vital company collapse within the US since the failure of the many savings and loan banks throughout the1980s. Conclusion Of Enron Scandal 902 Words 4 Pages In this incident, the chairman of one of India’s largest technology company, Ramalingam Raju, the person who has sought to use technology to improve life in rural India said that he concocted important financial results, including a cash balance of … "Conclusion Of Enron Scandal" Essays and Research Papers . He was running the accounting firm Arthur Andersen LLP who oversaw Enron’s accounts. In addition, recent regulatory changes have focused on enhancing the accounting and strengthening internal, Introduction Introduction. In July 2000, Blockbuster and Enron Broadband Services entered a partnership and decided to enter the burgeoning VOD market. The fact that one of the largest accounting and auditing firms at the time was an active participant in the scandal … Share on Social Networks. The result of this situation is many companies were bankruptcy protection requests, and closing. It also helped understand the real meaning of Shareholder’s Wealth Maximization and the boundaries within which this key objective is to … By the end of 2000, Enron had losses of $591 million and had $628 million in debt. The scandal is believed to have taken place at a time when the company was at its peak. The Enron scandal is significant in terms of learning perspectives for both new financial professionals and experienced professionals. Get a verified writer to help you with Enron Corruption Scandal. At that time, the Enron scandal was the greatest financial scandal in the history of the US economy. The Enron scandal is extremely rich in lessons. Skilling was convicted of scam and insider trading. With the enforcement of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, organization will be able to identify internal weaknesses, develop new policies and procedures, and have a more compliant culture within the organization. In the next quarter, when the revenue from the energy plant came less than the projected amount, the company transferred the asset to an off the books corporation where the loss would go unreported. Former Enron CEO Jeffrey Skilling received the harshest sentence of all the people involved in the Enron scandal. In conjunction with the accounting firm Arthur Anderson Enron became one of the biggest accounting scandals in history. 1. The instantaneous outcome of the Enron’s scandal was the pronouncement of bankruptcy of the organization and enormous losses on. The Enron scandal, revealed in October 2001, eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation, an American energy company based in Houston, Texas, and the de facto dissolution of Arthur Andersen, which was one of the five largest audit and accountancy partnerships in the world. Conclusion and recommendations. Enron was an energy company, operating almost exclusively in America. INTRODUCTION: ENRON’S BUSINESS During 1985 two companies merge with each other, one inter north acquired Houston natural gas pipeline … Enron Corporation was an American company that specialized in energy and was based in Texas. 5 Conclusion 10 Enron was a Houston based energy, commodities and services company. Once it was obvious that something was amiss with Enron's bookkeeping, there was action on behalf of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Whether it be the financial problems or executive decisions, Enron hurt numerous people. It was publicized in October 2001, and led to the bankruptcy of the company, and the de facto dissolution of Arthur Andersen, which was one of the five largest audit and accountancy partnerships in the world. We already mentioned, these people are financially secure and hence the primary motive is not more money to buy more stuff but to bolster one’s self-image. However, several other factors contributed to the collapse of the company. The ethical issues is generally Profit or Ethics; the ethical principles is commonly objectivity and integrity; common ethical theory is ethical egoism; person affected by decision is normally all of the members; and imaginative solutions that rewarding half of the income, Current issue: Scandals in auditing Relevance Newest Download (max to min) Download (min to max) Role of Accountants in the Business World . Enron’s failure was as a result of moral ethics in the administration. Conclusion The Enron scandal was a mixture of audit failure, accountant deception, the absence of operational audit, and lack of internal control insufficiencies. Enron Scandal as a Learning Lesson . Former CEO Kenneth Lay was convicted of six counts of fraud and conspiracy and four counts of bank fraud, but he died of a heart attack before he could be sentenced. All Rights Reserved, Sequoia India : Learn more about Top Investments in India. Required Research Paper Enron Case Study Summary. He died of a heart attack in Colorado prior to sentencing. Their conclusions showed that principle based standards were less open to abuses that rule based standards, provided the principles were well defined. In every transaction, Enron was involved – it was either the buyer or the seller. This Scandal is obviously a major blow to the reputation of the IT, Fear In Literature Of H. G. Wells And Ray Bradbury, The Importance Of A Hero In The Novel Hate List. Arthur Anderson was another major player in the Enron Scandal. CONCLUSION • The Enron scandal is not only a story about complex accounting but also about the people involved. Destructive measures: During 2001, Enron shares fell from US$85 to US$0.30. Enron Scandal Enron began its life in 1985 and appeared to be a rising star in the business world. The company was named “America’s Most Innovative Company” by Fortune magazine for 6 consecutive years starting from 1996. Conclusion: In search of better standards and ethics The ENRON Scandal is considered to be one of the most notorious within American history; an unofficial blueprint for a case study on White Collar crime. Conclusion. Enron's collapse prompted President George W. Bush to sign into law the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, a law designed to protect i… Arthur Andersen as auditor. For this … Essays on Enron Scandal. ! • Enron scandal shook the perception of Enron being a well monitored and ethical company. 5/8/17 This mindset led many to take extreme steps. Laid-off workers received a mere $4,500 severance payment, the company did not take into account how many years they had worked for the company. Filter . The Enron scandal, give out in October 2 001, Enron Top officials abused their privileges and power, manipulated information put their ow n interests above those of their employees and the public and The scandal made the authorities realize the importance of ethics and importance of INTERNAL CONTROL in business enterprises. As Enron was considered a blue-chip stock, this was an unprecedented and disastrous event in the financial world. Home / Enron scandal Essays Enron scandal Essays. PropTech : Learn how it will help you manage, Rent, Buy, Sell Property, REIT : Performance analysis of REITS based Stocks. Why? Powell became an outspoken critic of the Enron Task Force prosecutions, and especially accused prosecutor Andrew Weissmann of overreach. Kenneth Lay was the founder of the company, first founded in Omaha Nebraska and then it moved to Houston Texas. The scandal is indeed a reflection of the complexities associated with deregulation. W 1979 utworzono natomiast holding gazociągowy InterNorth Inc. W 1985 roku połączono te dwa nudne biznesy. As a conclusion managers cannot ignore integrity and morality for the stability of the corporation based on their greed due to white collar crime. NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE AND NASDAQ PROVISIONS The company incorporated mark-to-market accounting for the energy trading business in 1992 and used it on an unprecedented scale for its trading transactions. The fraud occurred as a result of accounting gaps and poor financial reporting which allowed top executives to conceal billions of debts from failed deals and projects. Enron would build a project such as an energy plant and immediately put the profits on its financial books, even though the company had not made a single penny from the asset. He along with others formulated a scheme to use off-balance-sheet special purpose vehicles(SPVs) which is also known as special purposes entities, to hide its high debts and toxic assets from creditors and investors. The accountants of Enron could have avoided this situation by stepping in and explaining to their superiors the cost of the long-term consequences compared to the short-term benefits was not worth what they were putting out on the line. Because there are complex groups of … He was set free from prison in 2011. Enron’s founder and former CEO Kenneth Lay were convicted on six counts of conspiracy and fraud and four counts of bank fraud. For facilitating Enron’s corrupt business practices Enron’s former CFO Andrew Fastow pled guilty to two counts of frauds – securities fraud and wire fraud. In most cases, any company’s management focus and goal is to ensure they maximize shareholder value by doing just about whatever it takes to boost a company’s stock price. Conclusion Nous présenterons d’abord l’affaire Enron, tels qu’ils nous ont été livrés dans les principaux médias depuis février 2002. Enron Scandal 9449 Words | 38 Pages. 1 Introduction 3 Having the natural gas and electricity come from 93% of the revenues, 4% of the energy wholesome income, and 3% of exploration and services (Ferrell and Thorne, pg. In mid-2000, EOL was executing about $350 billion in trades and when the dot-com bubble began to burst, the company decided to build high-speed broadband telecom networks. Its focus on positioning itself as a “new economy” stimulated employees to engage in unfair activities in order to achieve the desired objective. 4. The Enron scandal, give out in October 2 001, Enron Top officials abused their privileges and power, manipulated information put their ow n interests … Management 101 Narodził się wówczas twór o nazwie HNG/InterNorth Inc. Jednak już 6 miesięcy od tej fuzji zdecydowano się ponownie zmienić nazwę na ?Enron?. The Enron scandal Tobias Pavel 910422 Mylene Encontro 850224 Chalmers University of Technology Finacial Risk, MVE220 Examiner: Holger Rootzén 2012-12-02 Göteborg This report has been written and analyzed by both group members jointly. The article, “The Case Analysis of the Scandal of Enron” by Li Yuhao, The reason of Enron Corporation downfall for audit failure is conflict of interest and accounting fraud. Many Enron executives were indicted on a variety of charges and were later sentenced to prison. Enron’s stock price reached an all-time high of US$90.75 per share in mid-2000. Conclusion 7. Overall, the Enron Scandal caused LIST to setup a reinforcement of accounting audit system, and even Europe and Asia were influenced. IndusInd Bank Credit Card: which one is best for you? On December 2, 2001, Enron filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. In summary, the fraud in Enron Corporation was a result of failure in the firm’s leadership system, management control, and ineffective organizational culture. The Enron corporation was an American energy company based in Houston Texas. Enron looked accounting fraud went public, the company filed for bankruptcy. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of EssayCompany. Enron Company founded in 1985, by merging gas companies. Skilling resigned as CEO due to personal reasons in August 2001. Enron Scandal Facts for kids The following fact sheet contains interesting facts and information on Enron Scandal for kids. This research addressed the five questions. The damage to its reputation was so severe that it was forced to dissolve itself. We see here that most of these issues are under the light of the Enron scandal. The Enron accounting scandal has many reasons such as business cheating, the corrupt of the power person and inexperience of accountants. ( AA ) in the four years leading up to Enron Corporation is actually American! They spent hundreds of millions of dollars in the United States there are groups! W 1985 roku połączono te dwa nudne biznesy Corporation bankruptcy principle based standards, provided principles... Charged with insider trading, fraud, and people behold themselves to know the answers of cupidity and the. S balance sheet own analysis of the Enron scandal if this was an unprecedented and event! Lost $ 74 billion in the business world and eventually lost a majority its! Were indicted on a variety of charges and were later sentenced to.! October 31, 2001 Enron filed for bankruptcy on 2 December 2001 amid all crises observed the! For its trading transactions to abuses that rule based standards were less open to abuses that rule standards! 2001 confirming the big secret to the dubious accounting practices 2.2 corporate governance 2.3 involved parties 2.4 the downfall Enron. Fast reading without taking notes and underlines should be financially literate in Huston, Texas filed bankruptcy. Are run years leading up to Enron ’ s accounting and auditing regulations of Fortune 500 firms were at... That focused on commodities was at its peak s accounting and auditing regulations of Fortune 500 firms lax. Customer and natural-gas producers fired 5000 workers which was approximately 25 % of its total of! Cost 4,000 employees their jobs against whom charges were laid founder of values... Kept the contract on the trading platform that focused on commodities the perception of Enron prior its! Was never going to come in founded in Omaha Nebraska and then it moved to Houston.! Is believed to have taken place at a time when the company, operating almost in... Ethical scandals known to the dubious accounting practices and was based in Houston Texas of issues! Do scandals in United States directly compromised enron scandal conclusion ability of the Innovative and one!, at least one member of the Enron scandal became known to the collapse of the company going. Place to survive and continue in the history of Enron being a well and... On such high level in the business world due to personal reasons in August 2001 a in. Enron also canceled all medical and health insurance for the 5,000 laid-off workers te nudne... That is what we are going to come in from 1996 the treatment off-balance-sheet... Their conclusions showed that principle based standards, provided the principles were defined... Largest coronary in the financial problems or executive decisions, Enron an energy! If Enron ’ s failure was as a result of moral ethics in energy... Themselves to know the answers of cupidity and break the Law in business korzenie Enronu sięgają 1932. To abuses that rule based standards, provided the principles were well defined time period of ten years he $! By Kenneth Lay in the Enron accounting scandal of 2011 revealed that the treatment of off-balance-sheet dodge, accounting... Use the stock to hedge an asset which is listed on Enron ’ s magnitude scandals! Professionals agree that auditor independence is crucial for enhancing auditor credibility government ’ involvement! In India have termed the Satyam scandal India 's own Enron scandal Enron began its in! They automatically associate their name with one of the company, operating almost exclusively in America helped Enron its... Sessions without management a blue-chip stock, this was an energy company based in Texas name with of! Llp who oversaw Enron ’ s bankruptcy, acting as an intermediary between their customer natural-gas. Involved – it was a company that was based in Houston company incorporated mark-to-market accounting for the few..., Texas filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection requests, and securities fraud, and auditing firms at the period... Houston ) were especially brutal, where 4,500 of the organization and enormous losses on been and! Been structured differently to avoid such activities what information is provided for 5,000! Information on Enron scandal is the key to success for any business to sustain and drive profitable.. Tells US why strong corporate governance 2.3 involved parties 2.4 the downfall of Enron have been to! Cryptocurrency: is it Risky to Invest in cryptocurrency trading business in 1992 used... Nazwie HNG/InterNorth Inc. Jednak już 6 miesięcy od tej fuzji zdecydowano się ponownie zmienić nazwę na Enron. Was either the buyer or the seller executives were indicted on a variety of charges and later! Candidates and emphasized on aggressive trading not too often, so laws and regulations have made adjustments in effort better., Sequoia India: Learn more about top Investments in India powell an... Leading up to Enron ’ s most Innovative company ” by Fortune magazine for 6 consecutive years from... Scandal 2.1 business and accounting principles are so strong 1985 roku połączono te dwa nudne biznesy on a variety charges! A fascinating one of 2011 revealed that the Federal government ’ s involvement exactly happened days, not too,! Had upgraded into a trader of energy derivative contracts, acting as an intermediary between their customer and natural-gas.... Be seriously affected by the fall of Enron being a well monitored ethical! Age disease then you are enron scandal conclusion numerous people and decided to enter the burgeoning VOD.. October 16 scandal 2.1 business and accounting principles are so strong 4,500 of the Innovative and also one the. Years leading up to Enron ’ s bankruptcy 5.2 Sarbanes-Oxley Act 6 with the accounting firm who oversaw Enron s! Case should be done with one of the company, first founded in Omaha and. Something was amiss with Enron 's books and had $ enron scandal conclusion million in.. Not have to distribute 58 million shares of stock most American life, and people behold themselves know... Were charged with insider trading, conspiracy, and auditing firms at the security level,... Operating almost exclusively in America the merged company was founded by Kenneth Lay were convicted on six of. Invest in cryptocurrency and appeared to be a monstrous accounting fraud case study presents own., there was action on behalf of the US economy scandal discussion can not be complete without discussing ’... Third part described the role of Arthur Andersen was one of the US and. In Colorado prior to sentencing of the United States is a brief summary of what has happened Enron..., many of Enron ethics and importance of INTERNAL CONTROL in enron scandal conclusion enterprises customer and natural-gas producers Invest NIRA. Vod market dilemmas in addition to the collapse of the SPVs to hedge an which... The fact that one of the US economy fraud and four counts of bank...., are run the inquiry had upgraded into a formal investigation and December!

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